Although "loss of consortium" damages are traditionally associated with spousal relationships, modern cases have extended the right to recover them to parent-child relationships. Referred to as "filial consortium damages," these awards are intended to compensate the parent for the loss of affection, love and companionship that results from a child's injury or death.
Wrongful Death Actions Distinguished
In cases where parents sue for the wrongful death of their child, most jurisdictions permit parents to recover filial consortium damages from the wrongdoer. Parents can generally recover these damages under the state's wrongful death statute.
The situation is much different, however, in cases where the child survives. Under these circumstances, although the child may have suffered severe permanent injuries, state law varies significantly with respect to the availability of filial consortium damages. As a general proposition, most states do not recognize parents' claims for lost consortium when the child survives.
Majority of States: No Filial Consortium Damages for Non-Fatal Injuries
A majority of jurisdictions do not permit parents of non-fatally injured children to recover filial consortium damages. The following examples reflect the status of the law in several states:
- In 2003, the Texas Supreme Court declined to extend a claim for loss of consortium to the parents of a child with a non-fatal injury. As such, Texas does not permit parents to recover loss of consortium damages resulting from a child's serious injuries.
- In 1988, Michigan's highest state court held that a parent has no cause of action for loss of consortium damages when a child is negligently injured. However, the parent is still entitled to sue for loss of services as well as medical expenses.
- In 1986, the Wyoming Supreme Court similarly rejected a parent's right to consortium damages resulting from serious injuries to a child.
Some States Allow Parents to Recover for Non-Fatal Injuries
A substantial minority of jurisdictions authorize parental recovery of consortium damages for injured minor children. In some states, parents may recover under a statute which expressly sanctions such damages. In other states, however, parents must rely on case law and judicial interpretation to recover filial consortium damages.
Though not an exhaustive list, the following states permit a parent to recover loss of filial consortium for non-fatal injuries:
- A Massachusetts statute sets forth the following rule: "The parents of a minor child or an adult child who is dependent on his parents for support shall have a cause of action for loss of consortium of the child who has been seriously injured against any person who is legally responsible for causing such an injury."
- In 1994, the Florida Supreme Court expressly ruled that a parent has a common law right to recover for loss of an injured child's consortium, stating "The loss of a child's companionship and society is one of the primary losses that the parent of a severely injured child must endure."
- In 1986, the Arizona Supreme Court granted parents the right to recover consortium damages from a third party who permanently injures their adult child. The court expressly refused to limit loss of consortium damages in severe injury cases to cases involving minors: "Loss of consortium is a compensable harm, and we see no basis for limiting this action solely to cases of wrongful death [and] no reason for limiting the class of plaintiffs to parents of minor children when the parents of adult children may suffer equal or greater harm."
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